Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Awareness and Vaccine Hesitancy Among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study on Knowledge, Stigma, and Preventive Behavior

Abstract

Aim: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a leading cause of several anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers, yet vaccination rates remain suboptimal globally. In addition to limited access and cost-related barriers, stigma surrounding HPV can hinder vaccine uptake and preventive health behavior. This study aimed to evaluate HPV-related knowledge, attitudes, and perceived stigma among medical students, and to identify key factors influencing vaccine acceptance. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 220 medical students. Participants completed a structured questionnaire including socio-demographic items, HPV Knowledge Scale, and questionnaires assessing vaccination attitudes and HPV-related stigma. Statistical analyses included chi-square, t-tests, analysis of variance, and correlation analysis. Results: The mean age of participants was 22.6 +/- 1.3 years; 63.6% were female. Although overall HPV awareness was high, only 19.1% had received at least one dose of the vaccine. Cost was the most cited barrier (40.9%), and 65% indicated willingness, to be vaccinated, if the vaccine were free. Students with prior sexual experience were more likely to be vaccinated (P = 0.043). Knowledge scores increased with academic year (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between knowledge and stigma scores (r =-0.238, P < 0.001). Nearly half reported they would feel shame or guilt if diagnosed, and 76% expressed concerns about the infection's impact on relationships. No significant gender differences were found in stigma. Conclusion: Despite high awareness, persistent stigma remains among future healthcare providers, suggesting that medical education alone may be insufficient. Integrating value-sensitive, culturally informed content into medical training-alongside policy interventions to address vaccine affordability may be essential in reducing stigma and improving vaccination.